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Hair transplant surgery was introduced in the United States by Dr. Norman Orentreich in 1959. He demonstrated that hair taken from one area of the scalp would continue to grow even if it were transplanted to a balding area of the head.

The problem with this scientific breakthrough was that hair was being transplanted in clumps or “plugs” that did not appear natural. And although patients were indeed growing hair on what was once a balding pate, the appearance was akin to that of a doll’s head and hardly much of a cosmetic improvement for their baldness.

In 1995, Drs. Bernstein and Rassman presented a paper describing a new procedure called “Follicular Unit Transplantation” or FUT. In this new hair transplant technique, hair would be transplanted using only naturally occurring, individual units of 1, 2, 3 or 4 follicles. These perfectly intact “follicular units” would be obtained by removing a single, thin strip of skin from the back of the scalp and then using a dissecting stereo-microscope to isolate the tiny naturally occurring groups of hair.

Since the publication of “Follicular Unit Transplantation” hair transplant surgery has undergone an “extreme makeover” itself, in part due do to the incredibly natural results that this powerful procedure can produce. FUT is now considered to be the state-of-the-art in surgical hair restoration and is currently the most widely used hair transplant technique.

Robert M. Bernstein M. D. , an Associate Clinical Professor of Dermatology at Columbia University in New York, sat with us for a Q & A on hair transplantation and its future. How are hair follicles removed in Follicular Unit Transplantation?

In order to safely remove and preserve the Follicular Units without causing any damage to them, the donor tissue is removed in one thin piece. This technique is called Single Strip Harvesting and it is an essential component of follicular unit transplantation. How many grafts should be transplanted at once?

The average session for a moderately bald person, who has lost most of the hair on the top of his scalp is around 2,500 grafts. Although it is best to complete the hair restoration in as few large sessions as possible, there are limits. When too large a strip is removed, it can cause undue tension in the donor area and cause a stretched scar or loss of hair. An excessively long procedure, that keeps the grafts outside the body for an extended period of time, may compromise graft survival.

Another issue with very large sessions is that a hair transplant doctor has less flexibility if problems arise during the surgery. Patient variability is an intrinsic part of hair transplantation. In some patients, the grafts tend to pop up above the skin surface as they are inserted into the scalp. Popping also occurs when a graft placed in the skin causes an adjacent one to lift. The closer you put the grafts and the more grafts you transplant at one time, the greater the chance that these problems will occur and the more difficult they will be to manage. The goal is to always maximize what you get from the back and what grows in the front and top. It’s not a race where we have to do 3,000 or 4,000 grafts in every patient. When I hear people say, “Oh, I had 5,000 grafts. ” I think “How many of those actually grew?”Is a Hair Transplant Permanent?

Yes, the hair on the back and sides of the scalp is permanent and it retains this characteristic even when moved to the front and top of the scalp. Will the Transplanted Hair Change over Time?

The genetic tendency of hair to grow is dependent upon the donor area where the hair comes from. We call this “donor dominance”. However, the character of the hair, the wave, the rate of growth, is affected by the area where it is transplanted into. For example: we discovered that when we take scalp hair and transplant it to the eyebrows, over time, the growth rate actually slows down to match the growth of eyebrows. In this case, the recipient area has an influence on the growth of the eyebrow hair. Can you take hair from someone else and transplant it on your own head?

You cannot transplant hair from someone else. It has to be your own hair or it will be rejected by the body. What is the Future of Hair Transplantation?

The next big improvement to the field of surgical hair restoration will be hair multiplication – commonly, but erroneously referred to as hair cloning. This technique will dramatically increase a person’s limited donor supply, an issue that frustrates many patients wanting hair restoration.

The mechanism for cloning is based on the multiplication of the cells that surround a hair follicle. These cells, called fibroblasts are readily multiplied outside the body. Once multiplied, the “fibroblasts” could be injected into the skin to induce hairs to form. The problem is that when you multiply these fibroblasts, they lose their ability to stimulate hair to grow – a major roadblock that still needs to be overcome.

Another concern with hair cloning is that if you’re inducing hair to grow, what will it look like? Is it going to be wild and uncontrollably wiry? Will it look like the person’s normal hair? Because the recipient area plays a factor in the way a follicle grows, it’s reasonable to assume that even if you inject these fibroblasts to induce a hair to form, that hair will start to take on the characteristics of a person’s original hair.

It is exciting to think of the possibilities that improvements in science will afford to those suffering from the effects of hair loss. Perhaps someday any baldness in men and women will be a result of choice and not a genetic constraint, but will unlikely be available for at least 5-10 years.

What a wonderful place to experience the great outdoors! The Canadian Rockies stretch for over 800 miles from the Waterton National Park in the south right up to Boya Lake Provincial Park in the North. Many of the regions at the Northern end of the Rockies are inaccessible with the main towns and areas of population lying along Highway 43 to the East and Highway 97 which crosses over to the West. If you are interested in exploring some of these more northern regions of the Rockies then Grande Prairie would be a good base to start from. The city has a population of just over 50,000 and is one of Canada’s fasted growing cities but you probably wouldn’t want to go there for a holiday during January when average daytime temperatures are around minus 15 degrees Celsius. During the summer months of July and August it is pleasantly warm with average highs of over 20 degrees. Eighty miles further north and you reach Dawson Creek lying to the East of the Rockies and the start of the Alaska Highway. Here you will need to decide whether you stay on the eastern side of the mountains or head west and traverse through the Rockies on Highway 97 across to the huge Williston Lake. If you remain on the east and decide to tackle the Alaska Highway prepare yourself well. The journey to Fairbanks in Alaska is almost 1500 miles in total. Interesting stopping points along the way include Muncho Lake, a quintessential Canadian Lake which is a popular stopover location and offers plenty to do for holidaymakers including boating and canoeing trips on its wonderful waters. It’s a fantastic drive for a Recreational Vehicle during the summer months but watch out for Bears and Caribou as they frequently wander across the road. Oh and traffic jams are rare, in fact you’ll often drive for miles without seeing another vehicle. Fly Drivers travelling up Highway 97 on the west, also known as the Hart Highway, will have turned inland by this point and have started heading across the Rockies themselves along the Highway. Only accessible during the summer months the route provides the amazing mountain scenery travellers are expecting. For more welcoming terrain, travellers can start their road trips further south, just across the Canada / US border at Osoyoos. The town sits at the bottom of Osoyoos Lake at the southern end of the Okanagan Valley, the hottest area in Canada during the summer and now an up and coming wine region. You’ll be surprised to know that average daytime temperatures during July and August are in excess of 30 degrees Celsius. No wonder then that the area is a very popular holiday destination, with beaches and picnic spots all around the lake. The town is also a popular starting point for sightseeing loops that take in the Shuswap Lakes, Radium Hot Springs and Fairmont Hot Springs whose pools are heated to almost 50 degrees. Over the past hundred years Fairmont Hot Springs has developed and grown into a year-round outdoor resort and now boasts winter skiing combined with golf vacations, canoeing on the Columbia River and of course the spring fed hot pools. For road travellers with an RV, the resort has the highest rated RV park in the Canadian Rockies. There can’t be anywhere much better to park up and wonder at the glorious backdrop of the Rocky Mountains that sit all around you. So you see Canada has a remarkable range of holiday choices and extremes of weather to go with them. Take a flight to Vancouver or Toronto in Canada this year and experience these wonders for yourself.

Of all the collectors in the United States of America, the Boston red sox memorabilia would be the majority. This team being the leader in the sport of Baseball has more than a million fans in this country and at least half of them would have some piece of Boston red sox memorabilia in their homes. A team that has come up in the past couple of years and today holds among the top few positions is rooted for and supported by almost all Americans. They are the current champions of the Major League American Baseball and the Boston red sox memorabilia sit proudly in many houses. They were named so around 1902 and till then used to play matches in the Huntington ground, a small ground. Inspite of all this they managed to win the championship way back in 1912 when Babe Ruth was also part of this part. It was only later that Babe was sold off to the New York Yankees. They went on to play many more games, but dint really win any until late 1980s when the team saw a turn about and started playing well.

The Red sox American league championship photo is among the top few articles that one will find in many homes. Apart from this, the caps worn by players back then and the jerseys will be seen on display. There are also many who have pictures of games played during their early years preserved by their fathers and those ahead of them. The collection in a fan’s house could run to hundred of articles or pictures and they would still continue collecting more. In America, the baseball cards a big rage and children get excited every time they get a new card. There are some who are addicted to these cards and would to anything to get a card if they see a friend having it. Such is the devotion people have for the sport that rules their lives.

Boston red sox memorabilia is one aspect that you will notice in every apartment or child’s room. It could be a Red sox flag or a cap hanging in the corner. There are some who paint their children’s rooms in colours used by the Boston Sox, red and blue and the upholstery, bed linen and every piece of furniture will resemble the team. Some of the other Boston red sox memorabilia are the car steering covers, magnets that are available in all leading sports stores. Since the team is so popular, there is no dearth for memorabilia. It also makes for a good gift article for those visiting from other countries to take back to their friends and family. Socks, T shirts, and even bags with the Red sox logo or design on it are sought after by children. They are all over the place for every team that plays in the country. Some stores even have small collectibles such as cups, mugs, and miniature dolls of some of the popular players.

Whether you’re an American wanting to re-discover your own country, or a foreigner wanting to see the sights and sounds of the beautiful, red-striped USA and experience the ultimate American dream, a USA honeymoon with your loved one could prove to be one good way to a life of marital bliss. From Maine to Hawaii, from Alaska to Florida, you get to enjoy an assortment of activities - surfing and swimming for the couple who like the waters, snowboarding and skiing for a winter honeymoon, rock climbing and hiking for the outdoor couple, windsurfing for the more adventurous type and many others you can choose from. Looking for some sun? Explore Florida on your honeymoon. Visit the Caladesi Island State Park and go traipsing in its white sand shores and the boat ride. The Blue Spring State Park in Florida offers fishing activities, scuba diving and swimming and a look at the Manatees. There’s also the Bok Sanctuary, popular for the singing Tower and the Coral Castle Gallery with the Three Bears’ Grotto. On the other hand, if you’re looking for more action, you can put California as your honeymoon destination. Walk down the streets and take snapshots of the famous statues of Auburn, like the naked man wrestling with the chains, the coolie and the Amazon Archers. Explore folk art at the Salvation Mountain or go have your temperatures’ checked by the Baker Thermometer, the world’s largest thermometer. Of course, don’t; ever forget to visit Hollywood and get a chance to get up close and personal with the Hollywood celebrities. Who knows the two of you may star in one of the movies being filmed there? For those who’d like to go on the wilder side, go north with an Alaskan honeymoon. Go bear-sighting at the Anan Wildlife Observatory and at Pack Creek. Don’t definitely miss the Alaskan Native Heritage Center and the Anchorage Museum of History and Art for a glimpse of Alaska’s culture and local history. Climb Mt. McKinley, the highest peak in the North American region at the Denali National Park and discover the local flora and fauna at the Alaska Sea Life Center, which, by the way, also houses many bird species and sea mammals. Other things to watch out for in your USA honeymoon destinations are the country’s string of national parks - the Yellowstone National Park, famous for the throngs and the sparring bull elks, the Joshua Tree National Park with its yucca tree, and the Texas’s Guadalupe Mountains National Park for a winter, snow-filled honeymoon. Check out Chinatown and see a different culture in San Francisco. Don’t forget to visit New Mexico and have a taste of their spicy, tasty Tacos and take photos of the adobe constructions. Go crazy over the sights and sounds of Las Vegas - the casinos, the cabarets, the clubs. Of course check out local American delicacies like the American pie, go shopping at Fifth Avenue and walk holding hands at Central Park - a natural refuge in the middle of the busy city. Whether it’s a spring or a winter honeymoon you’re planning with your loved one, USA offers you more than just the sights, the sounds, the smell and the taste of American beauty. It offers variety, color, and the idyllic start to a future filled with marital bliss.

Hair loss can be an anxiety inducing problem. For the most serious cases of hair loss there is an option for the person losing their hair. Hair transplant is offered in clinics in London and all over the UK. The hair transplant industry has improved a great deal over the years. Many of the images of hair transplants are damaging and do not represent a true reflection of the industry. It definitely used to be the case that there were hair transplant practitioners that did not look after their patients well.
They used primitive techniques that were both painful and also result in unnatural looking results. People that opted for the surgery in the past would get dubious results. Many people came out of surgery and the results of the surgery gave them what became known as ‘corn row’ hair. The replacement hair was replanted in a way that resembled corn rows and did not look natural at all. It left the hair looking like the hair on a dolls head and as a result people that had had this surgery came in for a lot of ridicule. Fortunately the surgery techniques used these days are far more sophisticated and the results, if done by a reputable surgeon, look natural.
The history of hair transplant surgery is, in the grand scheme of things, relatively new. The history dates back to the 19th century where pioneering surgeons grafted flaps of scalp to a bald area of the head. This was mostly used for damaged areas of eyebrows. These surgeons did not really treat baldness as such but rather tried to fix problems that had occurred unnaturally. The World War II prevented these surgeons from making great advancements in their techniques and news of their work did not spread quickly and as a result hair transplant did not advance as quickly as perhaps it could have if the War had not taken place.
As a result the majority of changes and developments have taken place since the war and as a result it can be seen to be a very young branch of surgery. This is why we still have people walking around with bad examples of hair restoration. Fortunately techniques are constantly improving and the techniques in use now have excellent end results.
New York dermatologist Norman Orentreich is said to be one of the first surgeons to use hair transplant surgery as a technique for helping people with male pattern baldness. He began experimenting with free donor grafts to balding areas of the head in the late 1950s. Before he tried this type of surgery people had thought that replanting hair elsewhere would diminish the strength of and the ability of the hair to grow. He found that hair that had been replanted grew just as well as if it had been grown in the normal way. This knowledge lead the way for the development of techniques that has since made hair transplant surgery very successful.
The knowledge that donor hairs grow just as well as if they were left in their initial location is at the core of the present hair transplant industry. Surgeons have spent the following twenty years developing the techniques that make the most of this knowledge. A Brazilian surgeon called Uebel developed the concept of using multiple small grafts and placing them strategically on areas of the head that were thin of hair. An American surgeon extrapolated this idea to create thousands of small grafts and spread these to look more natural over the head. Nowadays surgeons can pull out follicles in groups of four which makes the end result look natural.

Did you know that the United States adopted the bald eagle as the national bird and symbol of the nation in 1782? European settlers in America, used to the sight of the Sea Eagle in Europe, named the bald eagle, believing the two birds were the same. There were no bald eagles in Europe, as the bald eagle is found only in North America. The scientific name of the bald eagle is Haliaetus leucocephalus, which actually translates from Latin and Greek into ’sea eagle with a white head. ‘ We still call them sea eagles to this day.

The bald eagle is the only ’sea eagle’ that is a native of North America. There is no mistaking the bald eagle, with its deep brown feathers and contrasting white head and tail. Coins, flags, buildings, and seals in the United States have used the image of the bald eagle to symbolize the country.

These birds of prey are raptors, along with owls, hawks, vultures, and falcons. The bald eagle eats mainly waterfowl, such as geese and ducks, and fish, but also may indulge in small birds, rodents, snakes, rabbits, and even carrion when live prey is not available

Bald eagles are enormous and intimidating birds, with adults growing to 32 inches in length, with wingspans to 7 feet, and weighing up to 16 pounds.

Alaska is home to the larger eagles, while the smaller ones make their homes in Florida. Wherever they are, when animals see the bald eagle descending, they know to scatter.

An area 2 to 15 miles square is the area needed for a pair of bald eagles to hunt in. Each pair of bald eagles shares a nest, furiously guarding it from predators. Bald eagles living along the Indian River lagoon located on the Central Florida coast have been known to go after Ospreys who have themselves caught a meal. The Osprey usually drops its hard-won catch in order to escape the powerful eagle, and the eagle, not at all fussy about its meals, will then eat it.

Although they are birds of prey, the bald eagle shows a tremendous instinct for family loyalty. This species chooses its mate for life, unlike most birds. The bald eagle in the wild can live to be 25 years old, though most birds do not live to be this age. They live across North America, from the north, including Canada and Alaska, across the middle expanses of the U. S. , and south into the northern part of Mexico.

The bald eagle travels frequently, flying to northern climates to escape hot summers, the birds usually return close to the place where they were hatched in order to begin families of their own. Breeding bald eagles lay one to three eggs in the spring, which hatch about 35 days later. The baby eagles live in the nest during the first three months, and then learn to fly for a month before leaving and beginning their own lives. The bald eagle, despite the dangers of disease, hunger, bad weather, and toxic chemicals, still adapt to their environments and live into their second year 70% of the time.

Did you know that the U. S. Congress tried to help the species by passing the Bald Eagle Protection Act in 1940? The law prohibits anyone from disturbing or bothering bald eagles. The law also prohibited taking the animals, their eggs, or their nests, for any reason unless they have a permit. Take includes not just capturing or trapping the bald eagle, but also bothering them, shooting at them, and wounding or killing them.

The overuse of pesticides commercially and residentially, as well as the use of DDT and other harmful chemicals, led to the steep decline of bald eagles. Reintroduction programs, some federally funded and some private, as well as new laws have given the bald eagle a chance to return in numbers. It seemed nearly impossible to save the species from extinction at the time.

For species with small populations, and those with very few animals left, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 allowed the legal classifications of endangered or threatened. The dramatic return of the bald eagle population removed it from most endangered species lists in the early 1990s.

The dramatic increase in the number of bald eagles, up from almost 500 pairs in 1963, to about 5,000 pairs in 1994, encouraged Congress to upgrade the species to threatened on August 11, 1995. As the number of bald eagles increase, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service has plans to remove the bird from the endangered species list altogether.

The bald eagle is a pleasure to watch. The bald eagle takes off with strides that are powerful and purposeful. The eagle soars as if in slow motion. The eagle stays fixed on its path, the prize kept firmly in sight. The number of majestic bald eagles is steadily increasing all over North America. Take any opportunity to see these magnificent animals.

Sometimes I am astonished at real things that happen - even if you dream up the most absurd scenario, you can always find something that actually happened that is more absurd.
What I have found most amusing is the foreign policy credentials of Sarah Palin. This unknown woman - unknown in the sense that she was a well-known achiever in Alaska with a reasonably normal life until John McCain and the press discovered her - has not had many trips outside of the US. This made people question her ability to deal with issues such as the war in Iraq and the recent Russian invasion of Georgia.
Then somebody said on a major news program that Sarah Palin has knowledge of international politics because she lives in Alaska, which is next to Russia. It was meant as a joke, but the person said it with a straight face. If you believed this statement, you are probably one of those people who go on holiday to “Africa” or plan to “do Europe”. If you are, I suggest you occasionally leave your house and buy an atlas.
Anyway, some people understood the joke and had a good laugh and repeated it. Cindy McCain apparently did not understand the joke, because she repeated that Sarah Palin understood national security issues because Alaska is the closest part of North America to Russia.
Then Michael Barone confirmed Sarah’s foreign policy experience with the same statement about Russia and Alaska.
Then some well-known American writer said Sarah Palin has learned foreign policy by some kind of osmosis because of Alaska’s physical location.
And finally John McCain, the presidential candidate for the United States of America, one who may in future have a massive impact on world peace or the lack of it because of his actions, said that Sarah Palin understands the energy issues that are a key part of the national security issues, because Alaska is right next to Russia.
This is how rumour became fact in America, but nowhere else in the world.
If you are following my email series on interfaith holidays, you may have noticed similar trends in religion. Interesting and sometimes far-fetched statements originate from prominent people. At some point it becomes difficult to distinguish fact from fiction, and over time these statements become doctrine which other people are willing to kill for.
I read recently that Humpty Dumpty was not an egg. It was in fact a famous cannon that was used in used in the Siege of Colchester during the English Civil War. At some stage an egg-shaped character in a children’s story was given the same name and the nursery rhyme (and the myth) started.
I am sure you have also received some of these emails that have been doing the rounds or years about parents collecting money for children that are dying from some terminal illness, or Microsoft and AOL dishing out money simply because you use your computer. I have found this website (link on my blog) a good place to check before passing the email on. I have even replied to some of these emails by providing the link, and still received other emails from the same sources - proving how gullible people can be.
We can have a good laugh about these absurdities, but I would like to point out the danger of it as well.
We sometimes say things about people and we mean them as a joke. Others hear the statements and do not understand the joke. They repeat the statements and over time people start to believe what they hear. Or people hear a malicious rumour and repeat it because it is so juicy, even though they know it is not true.
We know that what we think becomes. By the time we say something about people, we had already formed a strong enough thought to put it into words. So when I say watch your tongue, it is actually too late. We should watch our thoughts as well.
Yes, I know our thoughts are not always whiter than white, and that is OK, because there is balance in the Universe. But an awareness of how our thoughts are the origin of what we say and do will help us to move from thinking more negative thoughts to thinking more positive thoughts. Now I am off to send some loving thoughts to Sarah Palin - and to John McCain as well.

Here are some simple, fun and creative ideas to reignite that magic:1. Send your partner a unique gift Get a piece of paper and some crayons. Draw a bright childlike picture with a smiley sun and twostick figures holding hands. Add labels with your two names pointing to the stick figures. Write ‘I Love You’ inside a heart. Next get a large formal envelope. Place your drawing inside and type up a formal address label of your partner’s workplace, such as: “For the immediate and urgent attention of: Rebecca Jones, Level 20, Collins & Smith Solicitors, New York. ” Mail it to your partner so they receive it in the middle of a busy day. 2. Become kids again If you are walking by a park, visit the swings and give your partner a ride. This will often bring back happy memories from their childhood. 3. Have fun with water On a hot summer’s day, buy two large water pistols and take them to the beach with you. Pull them out and throw one to your partner and then have a huge water fight. 4. A massage with a twist Buy a small, decorated cardboard box, a sheet of colored tissue paper, some massage oil and a blank card. Line the box with the tissue paper. Place the massage oil in the box and write the following message on the card: I know a great masseur. For an appointment call: (Your Phone Number)5. Bring back childhood memories Contact your partner’s family and ask if there was anything she always wanted when she was a little girl. For example if she always wanted a porcelain doll, buy one for her birthday. She will not only appreciate the gift, but also the fact that you were thoughtful enough to find out what she always wanted. You can do this for your man too. 6. Stare at the clouds Drive into the country, find a grassy hill, and lie with your partner and look up at the clouds. 7. Walk along the beach Trace out the shape of a large love heart in the sand. Sit inside the heart and cuddle your partner as you watch the sun go down. 8. Organize a picnic on a warm summer night Spread a picnic blanket on the ground and get together some snacks, chocolates and champagne. Lie down on the blanket with your partner and gaze up at the stars together. 9. Show how grateful you are Leave a long-stem rose where your partner will find it, with a note on it saying: “Thank you for coming into my life. “10. Spice up your lovemaking Probably the most profound way to rekindle the romance in your relationship is to spice up your lovemaking. Surprise your partner with a little gift after you make love, try a new position, learn to give your partner a sensual massage before or after, or just spend some time staring into each other’s eyes and caressing their bare skin before making love. Many people underestimate the affect passionate and intimate lovemaking has on a relationship. If you spice it up, chances are you and your partner will naturally do romantic things for each other. Why? Because passionate lovemaking connects two people in a meaningful and unexplainable way that nothing else can. To get more ideas, visit my lens:http://www. squidoo. com/LovemakingTipsReview

Canada, theworld’s second-largest country (after Russia), is the largest country in the Western Hemisphere and comprises all the North American continent north of the United States, with the exclusion of Alaska, Greeland, and the tiny French Island of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Canada is bounded on the north by the Artic  Ocean, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean amd its associated bodies of water, including Baffin Bay and Labrador Sea. Its only international land boundary is with the United States - - on the northwest, beween Canada and the state of Alaska, and on the south, whwre the U. S- Canada border is 6t,416 km (3,987 mi) long. Canada has a total population (1991) of 27,296,859 . About 80% of this number live within 160 km (100 mi) of the U. S. border on the south; approximately 89% of the country is virtually unsettled. Becouse of these vast tracts of virtually uninhabited northern forests and tundra, Canada has one of the Lowest population densities in the world. Canada is gich in natural resources. It is a world leader in value of mineral exports and produces and exports many of the minerals needed for modern industrial economies, although a few minerals, such as manganese, chromium, bauxite, and tin must by imported. Its soils, which are especially rich in the three prairie provinces of Alberta. Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, are intensively utilized and make Canada one of the world’s largest exporters of agricultural products. Forests cover much of the land, and Canada is the world’s  largest exported of newsprint and a leading supplier of lumber, pulp, paper, and wood products. Canada has a dual cultural heritage that stems from the British conquest (1763) of the French colony of New France. Today both French and English are official languages. The threat of separatism by the largely French – speaking province of Quebec was an issue through the 1980s and early 1990s referendum mandating the sovereingnty of Quebec was defeated by Quebec’s electorate. The 1987 Meech Lake accord, an addition to the 1982 constitution that acknowledge Quebec’s distinctness, failed in 1990 when two provinces refused to  finalize it. The name Canada is thought to be derived from Kanata, the Huron – Iroquois word meaning ‘’vilage’’ or ‘’community’’. THE LAND AND RESOURCES Physical Regions Canadahas six major physical, or physiographc, regions: the CANADIAN SHIELD, the Artic Island, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, the Appalachian Region, the Interior Plains, and the Cordilleran Region. Climate The populated southern areas of Canada have a wide variety of temperate climates. The Pacific coastal areas have a temperate marine west coast type of climate, with cool summers in the 16 deg-18 deg C ( 60deg- 65deg F) range and mild wintwrs in the 0 deg-4 deg C ( 32 deg – 39 deg F   ) range. The interior plains have a  middle- latitude  steppe-type climate in the drier southern section and a more humid and extreme continental type of climate elsewhere. Temperatures winters and 18 deg- 20 deg to 25 deg C (-5 deg to +5 deg F) in  long winters and 18 deg- 20 deg C (65 deg- 68 deg F) in short summers. The Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Lowlands and the Appalachian Region have a more humid version of a continental type of climate. Both areas have a long, cold winter, with January averages about -10 deg C (14 deg F) in  the eastern sections and -4 deg  C(25 deg F) in the Ontario Pininsula, and short, warm summer with average temperatures of near 20 deg C (68 deg F). Precipitation is heaviest in the  west. Where moisture –laden winds from the Pacific Ocean are forced to rise over the mountainous coastal regions and bring more than 5,000 mm (195 in) of rain a year to some areas, although average annual precipitation is 1,525 to 2,540 mm (60 to 100 in). Precipitation is least in the Interior Plains, where many areas receive less than 500 mm (20 in) a year. Except for the low- lying Pacific coast areas, winter precipitation throughout Canada is usually in the form of snow, and thick blankets of accumulated snow cover most of Canada east of Rockies for 3 to 6 months of the year. The sparsely settled northern areas have an artic, or tundra, type of climate on the island and northern coastal areas and a subartic type of climate in the vast transitional area between the frozen north and the settled south. The artic type of climate is characterized by lonc, very cold winters, with average temperatures higher than 10 deg C (50 deg F) . In the subartic areas, winters are similarly long and bitterly cold, but summers are warm enough (more than 10 deg C/50 deg F) to support vegetation growth. Precipitation is generally light in the western areas of the arctic and subartic regions and heavier in nortern Quebec and Labrador. Despite the low precipitation. Snow covers the groumd permanently for more than 6 months of everi year. The people The great majority of Canadians were born in Canada, and mst are of Eurupean descent. The ethnic composition of the population today is the result of successive waves of immigration by various European national groups in the past. Composition of the Population French Canadians accound for about 27% of the total population and are heavily concentrated in the province of Quebec. Where they are about 80% of the population, and in New Brunswick. Where they constitute about a third of the population. The British settled primarily in the Atlantic provinces and in Ontario and later in British Columbia. They remain a major element in the population of these regions today, although the proportion of  the British ethnic group in Canada as a whole has declined steadily from 57% in 1901 to about 40% in 1986. The principal continental European groups are Germans, Italians, Ukrainians, Scandinavians, Dutch, and Poles. Indigenous Indians and Eskimos (Inuit) accound for a small percentage of the total population but are a major element in the north, where they accound for a majority of the population in the Northwest Territories and a significant population in the Yukon. Language Canada has two official languages, Eglish and French, which  have equal status in affairs of the federal and provincial government and federal courts. Of the total population, more than 60% speak only English and significant minorities speak only French or are bilingual. A few speak neither language. The majority of new immigrants prefer to learn English rather than French and to  enroll their children in schools in which the language of instruction is English. Economic Activity During the last 75 years, the Canadian economy has bees transformed from one based primarily on agricultural production and the export of agricultural products and raw materials to one based primarily on manufacturing and sefvice sectors, as well as a sector of continuing importance.

Mythology in Tree of Man: Perspectives of Nietzsche, Kant and Derrida
 
Mr. Amitabh V. Dwivedi
Faculty in English & Linguistics
SMVD University, Kakryal, Katra, Jammu, India
 
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In making a study of this novel-The Tree of Man-my goal is not to see the exact relationship between the events occur in the novel and Christianity but I rather concentrate on the God, and the protagonist’s Christ like coming in the text. The context of myths, thus, will provide a broader. In making a study of this novel-The Tree of Man-my goal is not to see the exact relationship between the events occur in the novel and Christianity but I rather concentrate on the God, and the protagonist’s Christ like coming in the text. The context of myths, thus, will provide a broader prospective (for Nietzsche, Kant, and Derrida) and later on myths transform into a structured spiritual script.
 
Patrick White’s Tree of Man is a mythical novel and the author establishes a myth which is concerned with the relationship of man to God, and God to man. Along with the relationship runs a series of natural conflicts-flood and fire, and we see human desires are frustrated by non-human powers. Thematically, the novel follows an old proverb-“Man proposes and God disposes”. Hostile human desires and distorted consciousness make this novel a story of birth, passion, and defeat by death which is ultimately the results of all human’s common fate-either good or bad. Patrick White does not give a moral lecture as the novel sets in a forest where the cultivation of man and nature occur side by side.
 
 
The first trait which characterizes Christianity is that it is faith in an event. In Old Testament, it was the Incarnation and Resurrection of Christ. This event constitutes an ellipsis of manhood; the intervention of God not only drastically changes the consciousness of man but also brings a new vision towards novelty. The agents of both the situations-God and Stan Parker (the protagonist)-come with their tools, though their tools vary in a sense that one uses language to break the silence and on the other hand another uses an axe to make a sound. The similarity between the two remains common on the ground of not what they do but what they think. Their decisions are straight forward and hence lack insignificant assertions.
 
Then the man took an axe and struck at the side of a hairy tree … … … The silence was immense. It was the first time anything like this had happened in that part of the bush.
                                                                                                                 (The Tree of Man, P. 9)
 
The break of silence becomes his first communication with nature especially
when nature is so close that the isolation turns into a solitude to this young Australian man. Stan demonstrates his psychical harmony to nature by closing the eyes in night to sleep and opening them for the daylight. The daily work makes him so tired that he doesn’t persuade sleep but the natural sleep takes him over. In this mode Stan works through out his life and died eventually a peaceful death as an old tree fall after giving plenty fruits and seeing significant seasons throughout year.  
 
            The four sections of the book document the four seasons and four phrases of Stan Parker, and his woman’s four phrases with contemplation on daily duties that are essential for the survival of the fittest in the wilderness of nature. Stan shows power to dominate things that need physical strength like the sap raises in the tree. He lives in a Nietzschean manner as if God were dead or he was the son of god like Christ who ultimately knows how to lead his life with contrary situations. The hero doesn’t believe in any freedom for himself as he knows that he is also a part of larger ordering. He wants to play the man’s role in the creation. For this reason he is always ready for hardships as it gives him strength to firth back for the survival cause.
 
            Post-modern suspicion of “why ness” never touches his sturdy soul. Like Nietzsche, Stan Parker responds differently to the nihilism that he has diagnosed. He has lost ‘the real world’ and ‘the apparent world’, he thinks, and it follows from the eerie situations like: he succumbs to the potency of his imagination, falling into Madeleine with Amy’s way of seeing the world as lit by human desires- a hazy, immaterial, sinuous and seductive orgasmic force. Stan’s pseudo ignorance to his wife’s adultery, daughter’s in articulation to his situation and son’s squalidity towards him claims his God power-whether imagery or real is immanent. He realizes that there is no absolute being and a being is always becoming; and he remains in the process of fluid than fixity.
 
            Embracing the Kantian logic of heavenly world, Stan knows that it is to be approached so much by faith as by morality: we can have no theoretical knowledge of the deity, and the best we can do is act morally, as though we knew there was a god. Stan doesn’t perplex on the issue whether God exists or not but internally realizes that the supreme value for life unexpectedly set in motion the inevitable decline in the idea of value. In keeping with this, as the man’s power wither and fade so too do the manifestations of a purpose in everything. The state of the old Parker, blinking into the light, unable to fasten his mind, his last feeble powers of awareness on anything, certainly proclaims that man is mortal as Christ was (Christians believe that the second person of Trinity became a human being and died for their sins), and that he is born to crumble back into dust. The force that works through him must flicker and go out, only the coming of full strength of another Stan Parker, of other simple good men.
 
            The centrality of Stan and his woman is maintained by the other characters like Doll Quigley, Ray, Thelma, O’ Dowd and Bub and so on and so forth. This centrality establishes Stan Parker as the sun among planets. He lives, works, and dies for another Stan Parker who will restore the radiance. The God-power is lying within and behind and working out through the efforts of the man. And thus the last sentence provides evidence for his continuity. The last sentence goes like:
 
                                                So that in the end there was no end.
 
            The remains in the fluid like Stan Parker. He will pass his radiance to another man, and an unending session will go hereafter. This perspective which affirms a plurality of force centers an affirmation. This is pronounced by Derrida as an endless process of becoming. Derrida masterfully claims that ‘sign is a sign of another sign’. The otherness prevails and hence The Tree of Man is not a tree but a biological evolutionary process that remains as a continuum and for eternity.
 
References
 
Derrida, J. (1982) ‘Letter to a Japanese Friend’ in J. Wolfreys (eds), Literary Theories, London: Edinburgh University Press.  
Harrland, R. (1987) ‘Derrida and Language as Writing’ Superstructuralism, London and New York: Methuen.  
Green, K. and Bihan, L. (2000) Critical Theory and Practice, London: Routledge.  
Selden I. Raman (1988) ‘Structure and Indeterminacy’ The Theory of Criticism from Plato to the Present-A Reader UK: Longman.  
Wolfreys,J. (1999) ‘Introduction: ‘What remains unread’, Literary Theories, London: Edinburgh University Press.